When You Make A Vow To God

God chose a man called Jephthah as one of the judges of Israel. This man earned his notoriety when he decided to make a vow to God. We can certainly glean some wisdom from Jephthah's story. Click on the link below to read all about it. #BibleStudy #commitment #Devotions #Judges

https://www.ramckinley.com/when-you-make-a-vow-to-god/

Living Under The Shadow Of His Wings

If your answer is “no,” then, why not? Psalm 91 contains some of the great promises for those who answered “yes.” Maybe you’re not sure what it means to live under the shadow of His wings. Click on the link below because you will certainly benefit. #BibleStudy #Devotions #Evangelism #Psalms

https://www.ramckinley.com/living-under-the-shadow-of-his-wings/

2205 duplex stainless steel (UNS S32305/S31803) is a duplex stainless steel composed of 22% chromium, 3% molybdenum and 5-6% nickel-nitrogen alloy. It has high strength, good impact toughness and good overall and local strong corrosion resistance.

Compared with 316L and 317L austenitic stainless steel, 2205 duplex stainless steel has superior performance in pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion, it has high corrosion resistance, and compared with austenitic, it has a lower coefficient of thermal expansion , the thermal conductivity is higher.

Compared to austenitic stainless steels, it has twice the compressive strength, and designers can save weight and cost less than 316L and 317L.

2205 (UNS S32205/S31803) 22% chrome, 3% molybdenum stainless steel

General Properties Application Areas Standard Corrosion Resistance Chemical Composition Mechanical Properties Structural CNC Machining And Welding

General properties 2205 duplex stainless steel is a duplex stainless steel machining composed of 22% chromium, 3% molybdenum and 5-6% nickel nitrogen. It has high strength, good impact toughness and good overall and local stress corrosion resistance. Compared with 316L and 317L austenitic stainless steel, 2205 duplex stainless steel has superior performance in pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion. It has high corrosion resistance and has a lower coefficient of thermal expansion than austenite. , higher thermal conductivity. The yield strength of 2205 is twice that of austenitic stainless steels, a feature that allows designers to reduce weight when designing products, making this alloy more affordable than 316, 317L. This alloy is particularly suitable for use in the -50°F/+600°F temperature range. For applications outside this temperature range, this alloy can also be considered, but there are some limitations, especially when applied to welded structures.

Application Field Of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel

• oPressure vessels, high pressure storage tanks, high pressure pipes, heat exchangers (chemical machining industry).
• oOil and gas pipelines, heat exchanger cnc turning stainless steel fittings.
• o Sewage treatment system.
• o Pulp and paper industry classifiers, bleaching plants, storage and handling systems.
• o Rotary shafts, press rolls, blades, impellers, etc. in high-strength and corrosion-resistant environments.
• o Cargo boxes for ships or trucks
• o Food processing equipment

ASTM/ASME………..A240 UNS S32205/ S31803 EURONORM……..1.4462 X2CrNiMoN 22.5.3 AFNOR………… …….Z3 CrNi 22.05 AZ DIN ………………………W. Nr 1.4462

Corrosion Resistance Uniform Corrosion Due to the chromium content ( 22%), molybdenum (3%) and nitrogen content (0.18%), the corrosion resistance of 2205 is better than 316L and 317L in most environments.

Local corrosion resistance The content of chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen in 2205 makes it highly resistant to pitting and crevice corrosion in oxidizing and acidic solutions.

Corrosion curve 4 mpy (0.1 mm/yr) in sulfuric acid with 2000 ppm chloride

The dual-phase microstructure of stress-corrosion-resistant stainless steels contributes to improved resistance to stress-corrosion cracking of stainless steel parts. In the presence of certain temperature, stress, oxygen and chloride , austenitic stainless steel will undergo chloride stress corrosion. Since these conditions are not easily controlled, the use of 304L, 316L and 317L is limited in this regard.

Corrosion fatigue resistance The high strength and corrosion resistance of 2205 duplex stainless steel make it have a high corrosion fatigue resistance. CNC Machine is susceptible to corrosive environments and loading cycles, and the properties of 2205 are ideal for such applications.

Uniform Corrosion in Wet Machined Phosphoric Acid

Stress Corrosion Cracking

Average chemical composition (weight %)

Mechanical properties Mechanical properties at room temperature

Tensile properties at high temperature

Physical Properties

physical properties

The chemical composition of structure 2205 is 1900°/1922°F (1040°/1080°C) solution annealed to obtain the ideal microstructure of 50 α / 50 γ . Heat treatment at temperatures above 2000°F may result in an increase in ferrite content. Like other duplex stainless steels , 2205 duplex stainless steel is susceptible to intermetallic precipitation. The intermetallic phase precipitates between 1300°F and 1800°F , with the fastest precipitation at 1600°F. Therefore, we need to test 2205 to ensure that there is no intermetallic phase, and the test refers to ASTM A 923.

Processing Hot Forming We recommend forming at temperatures below 600°F as much as possible. During the hot forming process, the entire workpiece should be heated as a whole and should be done in the temperature range of 1750°F to 2250°F, where 2205 duplex stainless steel is very soft. If the temperature is too high, 2205 duplex stainless steel is prone to hot tearing. Below this temperature, austenite will fracture. Below 1700°F, intermetallic phases form rapidly due to the effects of temperature and deformation. Immediately after hot forming, they should be solution annealed at a minimum temperature of 1900°F and quenched to restore phase balance, toughness and corrosion resistance. We do not recommend stress relief, but if necessary, the material should be solution annealed at a minimum temperature of 1900°F, then rapidly cooled and water quenched.

Cold-formed 2205 duplex stainless steel can be cut and cold-formed. However, due to the high strength and hardness of 2205 duplex stainless steel, it needs to be cold formed more than austenitic steel, and because of its high strength, the springback factor should be fully considered.

Heat treated 2205 duplex stainless steel should be annealed at a minimum temperature of 1900°F, then rapidly cooled and water quenched. This treatment is used for solution annealing and stress relief. Stress-relief treatments performed at temperatures below 1900°F tend to result in the precipitation of detrimental metallic or non-metallic phases.

Machinability On high-speed machines , the feed rates and cutting speeds of 2205 duplex stainless steel are the same as those of 316L. With carbonized knives, the cutting speed is reduced by approximately 20% compared to the 316L, where the performance of the machine and its components plays a key role.

The weldability of welding 2205 duplex stainless steel is very good. The performance to be achieved by 2205 duplex stainless steel is that the weld metal and thermally modified parts still maintain the same corrosion resistance, strength and toughness as the base metal. The welding of 2205 is not difficult, but its welding procedure needs to be designed so that after welding, a good phase balance can be maintained and the precipitation of harmful metal phases or non-metal phases can be avoided. The 2205 can be welded in the following equipment: GTAW (TIG); GMAW (MIG); SMAW (“stick” electrode); SAW; FCW; and PAW.

Usually, alloy steel with a mass fraction of chromium greater than 12% (mass fraction) or a mass fraction of nickel greater than 8% is called stainless steel. Stainless steels are classified according to their metallographic structures, including martensitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel, austenitic stainless steel, austenitic + ferritic stainless steel and precipitation hardening stainless steel.

After the stainless steel is cut, the cutting surface and the machined surface are severely hardened, which can reach 1.4 to 2.2 times the hardness of the substrate, and the depth of the hardened layer is 0.1 mm, which brings difficulties to subsequent cutting; due to the high plasticity, toughness and tensile strength of stainless steel , the unit cutting force is 1.25 times that of cutting 45 steel; the thermal conductivity of stainless steel is 1/4~1/2 of that of 45 steel [50.2W/(m K)], so under the same cutting conditions, The cutting temperature is about 200 °C higher than that of cutting 45 steel; due to the plasticity, toughness, high cutting temperature and affinity of stainless steel with other metal elements, the tool-chip bonding and diffusion occur, and the tool is bonded and diffused. wear.

Also due to the serious hardening phenomenon when cnc machining stainless steel, it will increase the wear of the tool.

1. The tool material for turning stainless steel is required to have high heat resistance and wear resistance according to the above-mentioned cutting characteristics of stainless steel, and has a small affinity with stainless steel.
2. High speed steel. Ordinary high-speed steel (W18Cr4V) tools have low durability. W6Mo5Cr4V2Al and W12Cr4V4Mo high-performance high-speed steel should be used, which can double the durability of the tool.
3. Carbide. YG-type TaC or NbC fine-grained or ultra-fine-grained cemented carbides should be used, such as YG6X, YW4, YS2, YS8, YD15, 813, etc. If a coated blade is used, it is best to use TiAlSi coating, which can prevent adhesion and wear during the cutting process, and at the same time increase the surface hardness of the blade to 3600~4200HV.
4. Tool geometry parameters The rake angle of the stainless steel machining tool is γo=20°~30°, the clearance angle αo=8°~10°, the main declination angle κr=45°~75°, the secondary declination angle κr=8°~15 °, the edge inclination angle λS=-3°~0°, the radius of the tool nose arc rε=0.5~1mm. The form of broken (rolled) chip groove is full circular arc or straight circular arc, with groove width Bn=3~5mm, groove depth h=0.5~1.3mm, and broken (rolled) chip groove radius Rn=2~8mm.
5. Cutting amount Due to the cutting characteristics of stainless steel, the cutting speed is 40%~60% of that of cutting 45 steel, and the cutting depth ap and feed f should be greater than 0.1mm.
6. When the cutting fluid is rough turning, use emulsion or extreme pressure emulsion; when fine turning, use vulcanized oil (that is, mineral oil containing 2% sulfur).
7. Attention should be paid to turning stainless steel, especially austenitic stainless steel, should use a lower cutting speed (high-speed steel tool vc=18~20m/min; cemented carbide vc=40~60m/min) and a higher cutting speed than the hardened layer The depth of ap and f; when drilling with high-speed steel drills, the cutting edge of the drill should not stay on the cutting surface, so as not to aggravate the hardening of the cutting surface and bring difficulties to the next feeding; when reaming stainless steel holes, vulcanized oil should be used. Isobaric cutting fluid.

Will God Forgive Me If I Keep Sinning?

With everything the Lord did for the Israelites in the wilderness, they continually sinned against Him. Unfortunately, we are prone to do the same thing..Did you ever wonder if God forgives you even if you keep sinning? Click on the link below to read today's post. #BibleStudy #Devotions #Evangelism #Psalms #sin

https://www.ramckinley.com/will-god-forgive-me-if-i-keep-sinning/

He Who Has Ears Let Him Hear

Nestled between 4 parables Jesus gave an important message on "understanding." In our verse for today, He gave us the key to getting more understanding of biblical principles. And it applies to everyone who has ears to hear. Click on the link below to read today's post. #BibleStudy #Devotions #Mark

https://www.ramckinley.com/he-who-has-ears-let-him-hear/

Cutting Vibration

How To Control Vibration During Cutting During CNC Machining?Cutting vibration usually occurs in turning of slender shafts, turning of thin-walled parts, etc. Once the vibration intensifies, there will be intense vibration with an amplitude exceeding several tens of μm, usually accompanied by a large amount of noise. In the cutting process, the vibration may exceed 100μm. Although it can be processed, there will be obvious vibration scratches on the machined surface, which is not allowed on the finished surface.

Hazards Of Cutting Vibration

Vibration in metal cutting is a very harmful phenomenon.

• 1. Affecting the surface quality of parts If vibration occurs during processing, there will be relative displacement between the tool and the workpiece, which will cause vibration marks on the machined surface, seriously affecting the surface quality and performance of the parts;
• 2. When cutting vibration of the machine tool and tool life is reduced, the process system will continue to bear the action of dynamic alternating loads, the tool is easily worn (even chipped), the connection characteristics of the machine tool are damaged, and even the cutting process cannot be continued in severe cases;
• 3. Noise is harmful to the health of the operator The noise generated in the vibration will also endanger the health of the operator. In order to reduce the vibration, sometimes the cutting amount has to be reduced, which reduces the production efficiency of machine tool processing.

Therefore, in order to ensure the normal operation of such machining equipment, the control of cutting chatter becomes more and more important.

The Causes Of Cutting Vibration

For the tool to vibrate when cutting the workpiece, the following three conditions must exist at the same time:

• The first is that the rigidity of the process system including the tool is insufficient, resulting in its low natural frequency.
• The second is that the cutting generates a sufficiently large external force,
• The third is that the frequency of the external excitation force is the same as the natural frequency of the process system and then resonance occurs.

How To Eliminate Cutting Vibration

(1) Solutions

• The first is to reduce the cutting force to a minimum,
• The second is to maximize the static rigidity of the tool system or fixture and the workpiece;
• The third is to create another vibration inside the tool holder to disrupt the vibration frequency of the externally excited cutting force, thereby eliminating tool vibration.

(2) Countermeasures

1. The first is to reduce the cutting force to a minimum

• (1) Use a sharp blade to reduce cutting force
• (2) When the depth of cut is constant, use a small tool nose arc radius
• (3) For boring tools with slender shanks and turning slender shaft parts, 90-degree leading angle tools should be used
• (4) For milling cutters with slender rods, circular blade milling cutters are the most beneficial for vibration reduction.
• (5) The plunging method is often used when aluminum cnc milling deep cavities with slender rod end mills
• (6) The face milling cutter adopts sparse tooth unequal distance milling cutter to reduce milling vibration
• (7) The smaller the blade edge angle, the better

2. Improve the static rigidity of the tool holder (Static Toughness)

Use solid carbide or heavy metal toolholders to improve the static rigidity of the toolholder 3. Improve the dynamic rigidity of the tool—passive damping and vibration-isolating toolholders

3. Improve the dynamic rigidity of the tool—passive damping and vibration-isolating tool bar

The Classification Of CNC Machine Tools

There are many classification methods for CNC machine tools, which can be roughly classified according to the type of machine tool structure, control method, china cnc machining movement method, and machine tool processing method.

1. Classification by machine tool structure

If it is classified according to the machine tool structure, then the main distinction is in the number and method of machine tool motion axes, usually two-axis linkage lathes, three-axis linkage machine tools (such as those with tool magazines are called machining centers), and four-axis linkage machine tools (which move The axis consists of X, Y, Z, A four axes), five-axis linkage machine tool (usually consists of X, Y, z, A, C or X, Y, Z, B, C five axes).

2. Classification of control methods

The control of the machine tool is usually realized by the servo mechanism, so according to the different detection positions of the machine tool, it can be divided into three types: open-loop, semi-closed-loop and closed-loop control.

• (1) Open-loop control: It does not detect any feedback device, and the information control feedback belongs to a one-way mode, so it is called an open-loop control mode. Advantages: The system is relatively stable. Disadvantages: There is no feedback device, and its accuracy is mainly controlled by the transmission accuracy of machine tool components, and the relative accuracy is not high.
• (2) Semi-closed loop control: The total detection feedback device usually controls the feedback in the rotating part of the screw of the machine tool, not in the actual position detection of the moving parts, which is called semi-closed loop control. There is an error in the machine tool screw transmission, which is difficult to eliminate, so the actual detection position is not as good as the closed-loop control of directly detecting the workpiece, but the error can be debugged and compensated, so high-precision machining can still be obtained.
• (3) Closed-loop control: The detection feedback device directly detects the workpiece, so it is called closed-loop control. Because the feedback can be detected and compensated for the entire transmission error, higher accuracy can theoretically be obtained. In practice, the stability of precision control is difficult, and there are many influencing factors.

3. The Classification By Machining Motion

CNC machine tools can be divided into point control machine tools, linear control machine tools, and contour control machine tools according to the movement mode. The differences between them are as follows.

• Point control machine tool: Point control is simply point movement, similar to drilling movement. 189 top group
• Linear control machine tool: The movement of the linear control machine tool is simple, and its movement is similar to that of a CNC grinder.
• Contour control machine tool: The movement of the contour control machine tool is complex, which can complete the three-dimensional movement in space and complete the processing of complex profile workpieces.

4. Classification By Machine Tool Processing Method

According to the machine tool processing method, it can be divided into CNC turning, CNC milling, CNC grinding, CNC drilling, CNC planing, laser wire cutting and other special machine tools, special CNC machine tools also include CNC forming machines, CNC shearing machines, CNC spark machines, CNC wire Cutting machine etc.

General Rule Of Knife Path

Rough opening: Under the maximum load of the machine tool, in most cases, the largest possible knife, the largest possible feed amount, and the fastest possible feed should be used. In the case of the same tool, the feed is inversely proportional to the feed amount. Under normal circumstances, the load of the machine tool is not a problem, and the principle of tool selection is mainly based on whether the two-dimensional angle and three-dimensional arc of the product are too small. After the tool is selected, the tool length is determined. The principle is that the tool length is greater than the machining depth. For large workpieces, it is necessary to consider whether the chuck interferes.

Smooth knife: The purpose of the smooth knife is to meet the precision cnc machining experience requirements of the surface finish of the workpiece and to reserve an appropriate allowance. Similarly, the light knife uses the largest knife and the fastest time possible, because the fine knife takes a long time, and the most suitable feed and feed are used. Under the same feed, the larger the lateral feed, the faster. The surface feed amount is related to the finish after machining, and the feed size is related to the surface shape of the surface. In the case of not damaging the surface, leave the minimum allowance, Use the largest knife, the fastest speed, and the appropriate feed.

Clamping Method

• 1. All clamps are horizontal and vertical.
• 2. Vise clamping: the clamping height should not be less than 10 mm, and the clamping height and cnc machining height must be specified when cnc machining metal parts. The cnc machining height should be about 5 mm higher than the plane of the vise, the purpose is to ensure the firmness, and at the same time not to hurt the vise. This kind of clamping is a general clamping, and the clamping height is also related to the size of the workpiece. The larger the workpiece, the larger the clamping height.
• 3. Clamping of the splint: the splint is coded on the worktable with a code, and the workpiece is locked on the splint with a screw. This kind of clamping is suitable for workpieces with insufficient clamping height and large machining force. Generally, medium and large workpieces have better effect. .
• 4. Code iron clamping: when the workpiece is large, the clamping height is not enough, and it is not allowed to lock the wire at the bottom, the code iron is used for clamping. This kind of clamping requires a second clamping, first code the four corners, process the other parts, and then code the four sides and process the four corners. When the second clamping, do not let the workpiece loose, first code and then loose. You can also code both sides first and process the other sides.
• 5. Clamping of tools: if the diameter is above 10mm, the clamping length should not be less than 30mm; if the diameter is below 10mm, the clamping length should not be less than 20mm. The clamping of the tool should be firm, and the collision of the tool and the direct insertion of the workpiece should be strictly avoided.

Classification Of Tools And Their Scope Of Application

1. According to the material

• White steel knife: easy to wear and tear, used for roughing copper and small steel materials.
• Tungsten steel knife: used for cleaning corners (especially steel) and light knives.
• Alloy knife: similar to tungsten steel knife.
• Purple knife; used for high-speed cutting, not easy to wear.

2. According to the cutter head

• Flat-bed knife: used for flat and straight sides to clear flat angles.
• Ball knife: used for light and light knives on various curved surfaces.
• Bull nose knife (with one side, two sides and five sides): used for roughing steel (R0.8, R0.3, R0.5, R0.4). Rough leather knife: used for rough cutting, pay attention to the allowance of the margin (0.3).

3. According to the cutter bar

• Straight bar knife: Straight bar knife is suitable for various occasions.
• Oblique bar knife: but not suitable for straight face and face with a slope less than the slope of the bar.

4. According to the blade

Two-blade, three-blade, four-blade, the more blades, the better the effect.

5. The difference between ball knife and flying knife light knife

Ball knife: When the concave ruler is smaller than the ball ruler, and the plane ruler is smaller than the ball R, the light will not reach (the bottom corner cannot be cleared).
Flying knife: The advantage is that it can clear the bottom corner. Comparison of the same parameters: V=R*ω, the speed is much faster (flying knife), the light is bright, and the flying knife is mostly used for the contour shape, and sometimes the flying knife does not need medium light. The disadvantage is that the size of the concave surface and the plane ruler are smaller than the diameter of the flying knife.

CNC With EDM, The Practice Of Copper

1. Under what circumstances do you need to be a copper worker:

The knife does not go down at all to make a copper male, and there is still a copper male that cannot go down. The shape is protruding and needs to be divided.

The knife can go down, but the knife that is easy to break also needs to be made of copper, which depends on the actual situation.

Products that require fire patterns need to be made of copper. If the copper male cannot be made, the bone position is too thin and too high, and the male is easily damaged and deformed. It is deformed during  cnc machining and sparks. At this time, inserts are required.

The surface of things processed by Tong Gong (especially the curved surface will be very smooth and uniform) can overcome many problems in fine gongs and many problems in drawing. When a precise shape or a large margin is required, a thick copper male must be made.

2. Tong Gong’s practice:

Select the surface to be the copper male, complete the supplemented surface, or extend the extended surface to ensure that all the edges of the copper male are larger than the edges to be punched and do not damage the surface of other products, and remove unnecessary cleaning. The plane angle (the intersection with the plane angle is a deeper glue position), and make up a regular shape; find the maximum shape of the copper male, use a boundary and then project it to the support surface; determine the size of the reference frame, cut off the support surface, and reach This copper public drawing is basically completed; material preparation: length * width * height, length and width ≥ Ymax and Xmax as the reference frame, the length and width of the actual copper material must be larger than the reference frame on the picture. Height ≥ theoretical size of copper male + reference frame height + clamping height.

The Problem Of The Number Of Drawings

1. If there is no ready-made cnc milling surface, the plane is divided into four sides, the center is to the origin, the top is zero, and the top surface is uneven (for copper males) to leave a margin of 0.1, that is, when the number is touched, the actual value of 0 (z ), which is 0.1 lower on the graph.
2. When there is a ready-made processing surface, make the ready-made face on the figure 0(z), and the plane can be divided into the middle, otherwise, the actual height, width and , the length is different from the drawing, and it is programmed according to the actual material. In general, it is first processed to the size on the drawing and then processed to the shape on the drawing.
3. When multiple positions are required for processing, the first position (standard position), the benchmarks of the other positions must be set well, and the length, width and height must be
4. The positioning of the inserts: put them in the whole, raise the bottom to a certain height, and then raise the height of the drawing. The plane is divided according to the whole, and the height is locked with screws under the drawing; The center can be divided into the middle; the rough point can be divided into the maximum shape; cut a fixture, according to the fixture, the relative position of the insert drawing and the fixture is determined, and then the origin of the drawing is placed at the center of the fixture.

The Choice Of Rough Cutting Path

1. Surface grooving

The key is the selection of the range and the selection of the face.

The area of ​​toolpath processing is: the selected surface within the selected range is the end surface, and the principle is all the places the tool can go from the highest point to the lowest point. The selected surface is preferably the whole surface, and the boundary can only be the area to be processed. The non-surface extends a distance of less than half the tool radius. Because there is enough margin for other surfaces, it is automatically protected; it is best to extend the lowest line, because There is an R gong at the lowest point.

Knife selection: If the tool cannot be fed spirally or obliquely, or the area that cannot be machined cannot be fed, the area where the tool cannot be fed is sealed and left for the second roughing.

Before the light knife, be sure to roughen all the areas that have not been roughened, especially the small corners, including two-dimensional corners, three-dimensional corners and sealed areas, otherwise the knife will be broken. Secondary roughing: generally use three-dimensional grooving to select the range, flat-bottomed knives, and those that can use plane grooving and contour tool paths. In the case of not hurting other surfaces, the center of the tool reaches the selected boundary. Generally, the boundary is not refined. Use a fast two-way angle depending on the situation. Helical feed, angle 1.5 degrees, height 1. The spiral lower knife is fed with an oblique line. Generally, the filter is turned on, especially when the curved surface is thickened.

• Retraction: Generally, relative retraction is not required, but absolute retraction is used. When there is no island, relative retraction is used.
• Plane grooving: milling various planes, concave and flat grooves, when milling part of an open plane, it is necessary to set the boundary, in principle, the tool can be fed (more than one tool diameter), the opening is more than half the tool diameter outside, closed peripheral.
• Shape: When the selected plane is suitable for shape layering, use the shape layered knife (plane shape), when the point of lifting the knife and the point of the lower knife are at one point, the knife does not need to be lifted. ; The correction direction is generally right correction (smooth knife).
• The tool path setting for mechanical correction: the correction number is 21, and the computer correction is changed to mechanical correction, and the feed is vertical feed. If the knife cannot pass, change the R to a larger value without leaving a margin.
• Equal height shape: it is suitable for the closed surface. If the open surface is four circles, the surface should be sealed. If it is within four circles or non-four circles, the range and height should be selected (a certain arc-shaped feed and thickening are required.) ), used for roughing: the machining distance in any plane is less than one tool diameter, if it is greater than one tool diameter, a larger tool or two contours of equal height should be used.
• Curved surface streamline: It has the best uniformity and brittleness, and it is suitable for light knives to replace contour shapes in many cases.
• Radial tool path: suitable for cases with large holes in the middle (use less). Matters needing attention: bounce the knife, the knife is not sharp, the knife is too long, when the workpiece is too deep, it should go around and cannot go up and down; the surfaces on both sides of the sharp corner in the workpiece should be divided into two tool paths, and cannot be crossed. The edge of the light knife is the best Extend (advance and retreat with an arc).

Clear Angle

• The clean angle here is the two-dimensional dead angle, which is the part that has not been reached in the previous process. If the light knife needs to go to the place, the angle should be cleaned first and then the light knife. If the angle is too small and deep, it can be divided into several knives. , do not use a knife to clear too many places.
• Clear three-dimensional corners: open some small grooves and some three-dimensional corners.
• The knife that is easy to break must be considered such as thin knife, too long, and excessive aluminum cnc machining volume (mainly z-direction, depth direction).
• Tool path: Use two-dimensional shape to walk, only small corners (R0.8) and two-dimensional plane angles can be cleared; use parallel tool paths; use contours of equal height; there is a kind of curved surface and shape that cannot be reached by the knife. Dead corners should be sealed first, and then the corners should be cleared. Small gaps in the large surface are generally sealed first.

Medium Light

1. Medium light: Steel and fine materials as curved surfaces are medium light.
2. Principle: There is a lot of allowance between layers when the knife is roughened. In order to obtain a better effect when the knife is polished,
3. Features: fast removal, large knife flying knife, large feed, large spacing; no need to worry about the surface quality; flat workpieces do not need to be in the light; workpieces with the same height shape do not need the middle light, when the contour shape is thick, it can be a little thinner Putting the two processes together, the finer point refers to the surface allowance and the distance between layers; whether medium light is required, another important factor is the material of the work, the harder the material, the medium light is considered; the cnc machining of medium light The direction and the roughness of the light knife are best relative to the processing of such things will have a good effect and uniformity.

Light Knife

The light knife is to meet the assembly requirements of various products and molds, so it must be very careful, and different tool path settings and parameter settings are given according to different requirements.

• The lower and final height of the light knife are changed to 0. The tolerance design is within 1 wire, and no filtering is required (the smaller the workpiece, the smaller the tolerance, and the tolerance affects the appearance).
• The front mold and parting surface should achieve the best finish, the rear mold can be inferior, and other non-matching and vacant positions can be rough.
• The tool path design is determined by the following factors: specific shape (such as plane and other surfaces), steep surface and flat surface. Whether there is a sharp angle between the two sides (the sharp angle is separated). Whether the requirements of the two parts are different (whether or not to leave a margin, how much the margin is, and the requirements for the finish are different).

The problem of protecting the surface in the light knife is a big problem. The processed surface must be protected from errors during processing and protected according to the requirements of the protective surface. Range protection, 0 protection regardless of error, height range and plane range; protection surface protection. For the extension of the tool path, in the light knife, it is best to use an arc to advance and retract the tool when the tool path is processed to the edge, otherwise the surface is slightly extended in advance. Knife lift problem in Light Knife. Carrying knives is a waste of time, so try to avoid carrying knives.

• Method 1: Set the knife clearance (small gap)
• Method 2: Cover, seal the knife handle (small gap)
• Method 3: Avoid gaps (large gaps)
• Method 4: When the shape of the same height is extended to the feeding problem of the same height, the feeding of the first knife must be from the outside of the workpiece to avoid vibration and damage to the workpiece. All smooth knives must be equipped with feeding.

Tool wear problem: When the workpiece is large, multiple knives are required to finish the same repid prototyping parts.

The Story Of Gideon And The Angel

We view Gideon as a hero, which he rightly was, but not at the beginning. He belittled himself, questioned God, and wanted extra proof. In other words he didn't do anything we wouldn't have done ourselves. This post is a must read. Check it out by clicking on the link below. #BibleStudy #Devotions #Judges

https://www.ramckinley.com/the-story-of-gideon-and-the-angel/

http://bhecrocks.com We help small businesses with regulation crowdfunding tactics and strategies  contact Rickey Johnson 623-455-6364

This is a great article!!!  Provide a great "picture" of how regulation crowdfunding works. Why it is an exceptional financial strategies for funding. How the banks may not help even if they are open to business proprosal.  If you would like to discuss this more, call me

Is the Future of Restaurants Grassroots Funded?
Regulation crowdfunding allows people to directly lend to businesses they want to see grow — and earn profits from having done so

by Emily Wilson Apr 25, 2022, 9:23am EDT

When Reesa Kashuk was ready to take the next step toward growing her Bay Area bagel business, she knew that she’d need to raise some money. A former account manager at an advertising agency, Kashuk started making bagels under the moniker Poppy Bagels in 2018, but only pivoted careers during the pandemic. Initially, she missed the New York-style bagels she grew up eating and over time, she created a local brand known for its chewy, heavily seasoned bagels with a touch of malty sweetness.

Currently, she takes pre-orders for bagel deliveries across the Bay Area and serves composed “sandos” — including a popular spicy and sweet number with jalapeno-serrano cream cheese and local honey — at Oakland’s Grand Lake Farmers Market on Saturdays. Like many other successful pop-up operators, Kashuk’s goal is to open a brick-and-mortar shop. As she worked to secure a lease for the bakery (which will be in the Temescal neighborhood of Oakland), she projected she’d need $150,000 to complete the build-out of the space, buy equipment, and upgrade her website. Then she started exploring her options to secure the money.

Even though it seems like the obvious first step, getting a loan from a bank wasn’t really an option for Kashuk: It’s difficult for nascent businesses (particularly restaurants, which are considered risky) to secure a loan. “They’ll talk to you, and they might get your hopes up, but they do not want to lend to businesses of this size,” Kashuk says. She also considered the crowdfunding platforms Kickstarter and GoFundMe, but not for long, because she felt uncomfortable asking her friends and customers for money without a tangible sense of what she owed them in return. Although Kickstarter allows its creators to issue rewards in return for money as opposed to GoFundMe’s donation-based model, “it’s hard to value them and know how much they’re worth both for me as a business giving something away and for the people on the receiving end,” she says. When she heard about SMBX, a platform that would allow people to invest in her business and get paid back over time, she was immediately drawn to it.

SMBX stands for Small and Medium Business Exchange and works by issuing bonds (loans that come from individuals instead of a bank) from business owners to everyday investors in increments of $10. Anyone with a credit card or a bank account can buy bonds in local businesses on SMBX, which entrepreneurs like Kashuk are then required to pay back with interest over time. Kashuk first heard of the exchange from other local businesses already using it, specifically the famed San Francisco ice cream brand Humphry Slocombe and the Salvadoran pop-up Popoca. “I was looking for a way to raise money that was relatively affordable and flexible, and SMBX fit that bill,” Kashuk says. “The bonus was that my community could get involved in a real and tangible way.”

The ability for anyone to financially invest in a small business and earn passive income is called regulation crowdfunding, and it’s beginning to gain traction with its promise of transparent, equitable, and collective investing in local businesses. Regulation crowdfunding didn’t exist until 2017, when Title III of the JOBS Act passed, making it permissible for businesses to publicly raise capital, including from individuals with less than a million dollars in net worth (otherwise known as non-accredited investors). Previously, investments in private companies had to be solicited directly, and only from wealthy citizens. “You couldn’t post on Facebook, ‘Hey, I’m looking for investors. Invest in my company,’” says Nick Mathews, the co-founder and CEO of Mainvest. His Massachusetts-based company is one of several SEC-registered intermediary platforms that launched in the aftermath of the new legal framework.

The difference between investing in a project on regulation crowdfunding platforms as opposed to making a donation through Kickstarter and receiving a reward with financial value (such as a free meal at a future restaurant) is the potential to earn a profit. Crowdfunding in general enables people to support the creative and business efforts of their peers, while regulation crowdfunding is also a way for individuals to diversify their investment portfolios outside of stocks. Mohammed Khonizi, a YouTuber who covers how to build passive income through financial technology companies on his channel Wealthy Panda, has invested in several businesses on SMBX (including Poppy Bagels), Mainvest, and similar platforms such as Honeycomb Credit and Republic Local. His reasoning for these investments, he says, is two-fold: to “help more businesses achieve their goals and help diversify my portfolio.”

For Chris Haugh, an author and friend of Kashuk’s, investing in Poppy Bagels was his first experience with regulation crowdfunding. He says his decision to invest over $1,000 into Poppy Bagels was not only about supporting Kashuk, but also because he believes in the business and thinks it will be a meaningful addition to the community. “Look no further than [Berkeley’s] Boichik Bagels selling out by 11 a.m. on the weekends, they just can’t meet the demand,” he says. “Not to mention Poppy did a pop-up in the same area that the store is going to be and there was a line three blocks long.” Furthermore, since business owners who fundraise on SMBX and other regulation crowdfunding platforms are required to provide their SEC filings, business statements, and financial records, Haugh was able to understand the potential for Poppy’s economic success. “I would like to think that I would donate as much as I did to her business regardless, but the fact that it’s going to make me some money makes it a lot easier to allocate the pool of cash [to Poppy Bagels] that I would have been investing elsewhere, whether an index fund or real estate venture,” he adds.

For her bond offering of $150,000, Kashuk received an interest rate of 7 percent from SMBX to be paid back over five years. She had also considered a loan application through the Small Business Administration, but ultimately decided on SMBX because it was simpler, more affordable, and more flexible. For an SBA loan, she says the interest rate would’ve been variable and higher, and that her use of funds would be more highly regulated. By timing her SMBX raise launch with some local press, Kashuk was able to meet her target in just 11 days. There were 173 people who invested, many for the minimum amount of $10. Her largest investment was $20,700.

“[A] $100 investment would yield $119 at the end of the term [for the investor], while a $1,000 investment will yield $1,188,” Kashuk explains. The final return is a compounded amount of the principal investment plus 7 percent interest, but SMBX bonds are designed to be paid back equally on a monthly basis — for example, $19.80 per month for a $1,000 investment — so that businesses can have (and investors can expect) consistent payouts. An investment in Poppy Bagels or another food business by way of regulation crowdfunding is low-interest compared to other financial investments, albeit one that has the primary goal of supporting one’s community. On Kashuk’s SMBX page, she laid out how the funds would be used: 78.5 percent for the build-out of the bakery, 16.5 percent for equipment, and 1.5 percent for website upgrades. The other 3.5 percent went to SMBX, which is the percentage that the platform takes to generate its own revenue.

Along with money to spend, regulation crowdfunding also gave Kashuk a way to make investors out of her customers, who are now intimately interested in her success. “I really felt like it’s a true win-win for the investor,” she says. “They can help support a business, they care about helping it grow, they’re eager to get involved, but they also get to make money at a competitive rate.”

That’s not to say there is zero risk involved for Poppy’s investors. If Poppy were to go bankrupt, SMBX says they would work with Kashuk to try and recover as much investment as possible, but investors would likely still lose money. Mainvest’s website informs potential investors that investments on their platform are “inherently risky” since “it is very likely that some of the companies listed on our site will fail to repay their loans.”

While SMBX and Mainvest do provide potential investors with information on how regulation crowdfunding works, there’s still a long way to go when it comes to educating the public and making this way of investing mainstream. Many people are confused by financial terms like “bond” and “securities” and are taken aback by the fact that you have to give your social security number as a means of protection to invest in companies on SEC-regulated platforms. Kashuk says she had to do an AMA (“Ask Me Anything”) on her Instagram and field a barrage of DMs to explain how SMBX worked. “As I started explaining it more and more, I saw more people from my community invest as they learned what it was,” she says.

As the regulation crowdfunding space grows, it’s important to note that there are differences in the way that each platform has designed the financial framework of the investments that they power. For example, Mainvest issues revenue-sharing loans for a minimum of $100 as opposed to SMBX’s $10. It also enables entrepreneurs to issue equity to investors if they want to, meaning that investors would be granted an ownership claim in the company’s profits — instead of their money paid back plus interest — and could stand to make a significant profit if the business became a runaway success.

Granting an equity stake in the business is a common deal structure when wealthy individuals give money to restaurants. A big reason that regulation crowdfunding is appealing to small food business owners like Kashuk, though, is that they aren’t required to surrender any of their ownership. “I own 100 percent of the business and I never considered giving up equity,” she says. Benjamin Lozano, the co-founder and CEO of SMBX, says that he has found that “most small businesses do not want to give up equity in their company, they want to borrow money at reasonable rates, pay off that loan, and walk away.”

Another draw of regulation crowdfunding is the lack of barriers that exist in more traditional methods, such as bank loans and venture capital. Racism is prevalent in institutional lending. Lozano, the son of a first-generation Mexican American, says that while working for his father’s boutique accounting firm in Santa Ana, California, he saw firsthand how minorities struggle to gain the same access to financial opportunities that people of more privileged backgrounds can acquire more easily. By contrast, SMBX doesn’t even require a credit check for those looking to raise money on the platform.

As Lozano points out, Americans already lend to small businesses indirectly through their banks, which borrow money from customers to support businesses in need of loans, and then reward those customers with minuscule interest payments. “The only difference is that we don’t have any say in who [i.e., which banks] lend it to, in what our money is being used to support and create — and then the bank keeps the profits,” he says. Regulation crowdfunding gives people a way to directly lend to the businesses they want to see grow, and earn profits from having done so.

This notion of built-in community validation is promising for the future of regulation crowdfunding, especially when it comes to restaurants and food businesses. That feels true for Kashuk at least, who is hopeful about how her investors will engage with her business in the long term as they continue to receive payments, whether that engagement is encouraging others to invest or simply getting others to buy some bagels. “They’re going to be constantly reminded that Poppy is earning them money, and maybe be more invested in my success, telling people about the business and coming to support,” she says.

Emily Wilson is a Los Angeles-based food writer from New York. She has contributed to Bon Appétit, TASTE, Resy, the Los Angeles Times, Punch, Vegetarian Times, Atlas Obscura, and more. Carolyn Figel is a freelance illustrator and animator living in Brooklyn, New York.

Lug-style butterfly valves are usually composed of metal such as ductile iron or steel. They feature threaded tapped lugs positioned on the valve flanges for bolt connections.

Lug-style butterfly valves are suitable for end-of-line service but a blind flange is always recommended. Lug-style butterfly valves are manufactured to be compatible with either pneumatic or electric actuation. Disc and seat material should be determined based on application and flow media.

Industrial Applications

• Oil and gas
• Chemical processing
• Water and wastewater processing and transportation
• Food processing
• Pharmaceuticals
• Manufacturing
• Shipbuilding and shipyards
• HVAC

VALTECCN VALVE, a high quality butterfly valve manufacturer in China, has just what you need. We offer Stainless Steel Lug Butterfly Valve along with other industrial butterfly valves in various material body, disc, seat, and end-type connection designs. For more information, you can explore our website(www.valteccn.com) or reach out to us.

Do Everything Without Complaining

Are you letting your light shine brightly in the world around you? When criticism and persecution come your way, are you able to handle everything without complaining? Do we have the right to complain? Click on the link below for answers in today's post. #BibleStudy #Devotions #Philippians

https://www.ramckinley.com/do-everything-without-complaining/

Husband and Wife Relationship

The husband and wife relationship is easy to talk about when the marriage sails along harmoniously. When it’s going through stormy weather though, it’s a different story. In Ephesians 5, we read how a couple can maintain harmony in their marriage. Click on the link below to read today's post. #BibleStudy #Devotions #Ephesians #Love

https://www.ramckinley.com/husband-and-wife-relationship/